Processes and intermediates for carbamoylpyridone hiv integrase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Processes are provided which create an aldehyde methylene, or hydrated or hemiacetal methylene attached to a heteroatom of a 6 membered ring without going through an olefinic group and without the necessity of using an osmium reagent. In particular, a compound of formula (I) can be produced from (II) and avoid the use of an allyl amine: (formulae I and II) where R, P 1 P 3 , R 3  and R x  are as described herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises modifications of known processes for synthesizing compounds having HIV integrase inhibitory activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

WO 2006/116764 published 2 Nov. 2006, incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes various compounds and detailed synthetic schemes for their preparation. In particular, the 16^(th), 27^(th) and 32^(nd) steps involve the creation of a —CHO group from a double bond using a reagent which may include osmium tetroxide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Processes are provided which create an aldehyde methylene, or hydrated or hemiacetal methylene attached to a heteroatom of a 6 membered ring without going through an olefinic group and without the necessity of using an osmium reagent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes processes for preparing a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R is —CHO, —CH(OH)₂ or —CH(OH)(OR⁴);     -   P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;     -   P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group;     -   R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally         substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted         heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and         optionally substituted amino;     -   R⁴ is lower alkyl;     -   R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;     -   R² is optionally substituted aryl;     -   X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO,         SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each         may be intervened by the heteroatom; and     -   R¹ is H or lower alkyl;

comprising the steps of:

-   -   i) reacting a compound of formula (II):

-   -   with an amine of formula (III) or (IV):

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl or R⁵ and R⁶ can be alkyl and joined to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring,

to produce an intermediate of formula (V) or (VI), respectively:

and

-   -   ii) refunctionalizing (V) or (VI) to produce (I).

The term “lower alkyl”, alone or in combination with any other term, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl and the like.

The term “lower cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic ring composed of 3-6 carbons in any chemically stable configuration. Examples of suitable carbocyclic groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexenyl.

The term “lower alkenyl,” alone or in combination with any other term, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group with one or two carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, hexadienyl and the like.

The term “lower alkylene” refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical, preferably having from one to six carbon atoms, unless otherwise defined. Examples of “alkylene” as used herein include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene and the like.

The term “lower alkenylene” refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical, one or two carbon-carbon double bonds.

The term “lower alkoxy” refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “halogen” refers fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I).

The term “aryl” alone or in combination with any other term, refers to a carbocyclic aromatic moiety (such as phenyl or naphthyl) containing 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 6-10 carbon atoms. Examples of aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, phenanthridinyl and the like. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “aryl” also includes each possible positional isomer of an aromatic hydrocarbon radical, such as in 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 5-tetrahydronaphthyl, 6-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1-phenanthridinyl, 2-phenanthridinyl, 3-phenanthridinyl, 4-phenanthridinyl, 7-phenanthridinyl, 8-phenanthridinyl, 9-phenanthridinyl and 10-phenanthridinyl. Examples of aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, phenanthridinyl and the like. The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl and phenethyl.

The term “heterocyclic group,” and “heterocycle” as used herein, refer to a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring or 8- to 11-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring system any ring of which is either saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated, and which may be optionally benzofused if monocyclic. Each heterocycle consists of one or more carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen atom may optionally be quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any carbon or heteroatom, provided that the attachment results in the creation of a stable structure. Preferred heterocycles include 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycles and 8-10 membered bicyclic heterocycles. When the heterocyclic ring has substituents, it is understood that the substituents may be attached to any atom in the ring, whether a heteroatom or a carbon atom, provided that a stable chemical structure results. “Heteroaromatics” or “heteroaryl” are included within the heterocycles as defined above and generally refers to a heterocycle in which the ring system is an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic ring radical containing five to twenty carbon atoms, preferably five to ten carbon atoms, in which one or more ring carbons, preferably one to four, are each replaced by a heteroatom such as N, O, S and P. Preferred heteroaryl groups include 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryls and 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryls. Also included within the scope of the term “heterocycle, “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclyl” is a group in which a non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring is fused to one or more aromatic rings, such as in an indolinyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl or tetrahydro-quinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “heterocycle, “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclyl” also included each possible positional isomer of a heterocyclic radical, such as in 1-indolinyl, 2-indolinyl, 3-indolinyl. Examples of heterocycles include imidazolyl, imidazolinoyl, imidazolidinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, indazolinolyl, perhydropyridazyl, pyridazyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinoxolyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, furyl, thienyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, carbolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolidinyl, benzofuranoyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, isoxozolyl, isothiazolyl, furazanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazoyl, dioxolyl, dioxinyl, oxathiolyl, benzodioxolyl, dithiolyl, thiophenyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfolanyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, tetahydrofurodihydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranodihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrofurofuranyl and tetrahydropyranofuranyl.

Optional substituents are hydroxy, halogen, amino and lower alkyl.

Protecting groups may be selected from groups known to those skilled in the art, including protecting groups disclosed in Greene, Theodora W.; Wuts, Peter G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. 2nd Ed. (1991), 473 pp. or Kocienski, Philip J. Protecting Groups. 3rd Ed. 2005, (2005), 679 pp.

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I), R³ is H.

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CHO.

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CH(OH)₂.

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CH(OH)(OR⁴).

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I), R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy.

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (VII):

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (Ia):

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (VIII):

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (IX):

The present invention features a process as described above wherein in said compound of formula (II) is of the formula (IIa):

The present invention includes processes for preparing a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R is —CH(OH)(OR⁴);     -   P¹ is a hydroxyl protecting group;     -   P³ is H;     -   R³ is H;     -   R⁴ is lower alkyl;     -   R^(x) is R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;     -   R² is optionally substituted aryl;     -   X is lower alkylene; and     -   R¹ is H;

comprising the steps of:

-   -   iii) reacting a compound of formula (II):

-   -   with an amine of formula (III):

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl,

to produce an intermediate of formula (V)

and

-   -   iv) refunctionalizing (V) to produce (I).

Specific compounds used in the processes of the present invention include those of the following formulae (IIa), (VIa), (VIb) and (Ia) utilized in Examples which follow:

The product (Ia) of a synthetic sequence of the present invention can be condensed with an amine, eg of the formula H₂NCH₂CH₂CH₂OH, brominated if R^(x) is H, carbonylated and amidated and finally, debenzylated to yield a compound of WO 2006/116764 designated (I-7) at page 240 wherein (R)_(m) is 4-F and R^(a) is H. Alternatively, such a compound may be synthesized according to the invention by starting with (I) where R^(x) is p-F-phenyl-CH₂—NH—C(O)—, R³ is H, P¹ is benzyl (Bn) and P³ is a carboxy protecting group.

In addition, compounds of formula (I) which may be produced by processes of the invention include those of the following formulae (VII), (VIII) and (IX):

In more detail, step i) can be carried out in a protic or aprotic solvent such as EtOH, THF or DMF at a temperature of about 50-150° C. for about 1-10 hours.

In more detail, step ii) can be carried out for the diol starting material (VI) with an oxidizing agent such as NaIO₄, RuO₄ or Pb(OAc)₄ in a solvent such as H₂O, MeOH or CH₃CN at ambient temperature for one or more hours. For the acetal type starting material such as (V), reaction may be in an acid such as HCl, CF₃COOH or HCO₂H optionally with heating.

Step ii) can also involve refunctionalization at the R^(x) position, eg R^(x)═H to R^(x)═Br optionally with further refunctionalization to R^(x)═R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—. Step ii) can also involve refunctionalization of P³, eg P³═H to P³=Me.

The present invention features a process as described above, wherein said refunctionalizing step ii) comprises demethylating the intermediate of formula (V) to produce the compound of formula (I).

The present invention features a process as described above wherein said refunctionalizing step ii) comprises reacting the intermediate of formula (VI) with NaIO₄ to produce the compound of formula (I).

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (V):

wherein

-   -   P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;     -   P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group;     -   R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally         substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted         heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and         optionally substituted amino;     -   R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;     -   R² is optionally substituted aryl;     -   X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO,         SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each         may be intervened by the heteroatom;     -   R¹ is H or lower alkyl; and     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl or R⁵ and R⁶ can be         alkyl and joined to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.

The present invention features a compound of the formula (V) above wherein R³ is H.

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (Va):

wherein

-   -   P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;     -   P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group;     -   R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally         substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl,         optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted         heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and         optionally substituted amino;     -   R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;     -   R² is optionally substituted aryl;     -   X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO,         SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each         may be intervened by the heteroatom; and

R¹ is H or lower alkyl.

The present invention features a compound of the formula (V) above wherein R³ is H.

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (VI):

-   -   wherein         -   P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;         -   P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group;         -   R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower             alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally             substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower             alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally             substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally             substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted             heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino;         -   R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;         -   R² is optionally substituted aryl;         -   X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S,             SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene             wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom; and         -   R¹ is H or lower alkyl.

The present invention features a compound of the formula (V) above wherein R³ is H.

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (I):

-   -   wherein         -   R is —CH(OH)(OCH₃);         -   P¹ is -Bn;         -   P³ is —CH₃;         -   R³ is —H; and         -   R^(x) is Br.

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (14):

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (15):

The present invention features a compound of the following formula (I):

-   -   wherein         -   R is —CH(OH)₂;         -   P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;         -   P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group;         -   R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower             alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally             substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower             alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally             substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally             substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted             heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino;         -   R¹ is H or lower alkyl;         -   R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—;         -   R² is optionally substituted aryl; and         -   X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S,             SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene             wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom.

In the following examples and throughout this specification, the following abbreviations may be used: Me (methyl), Bn (benzyl), Aq (aqueous), Et (ethyl), C (centrigrade).

The following examples are intended for illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The starting material of Example 1e is the compound of formula (IIa) of the invention process which is also shown as compound 5 below and compound #101 at page 113 of WO 2006/116764. The product of the invention process is depicted below as compound 8, which is of the formula (I) of the invention process. The final product shown below as compound 13 is a compound of formula (I-7) at page 240 of WO 2006/116764 wherein (R)_(m) is 2,4-di-F and R^(a) is H, provided, however, that there is an alpha methyl at the position designated R¹⁶ in formula (XXVI) at page 65.

Thus, in the above sequence for Example 1, compound 5 is identical to compound 101 at page 113 of WO 2006/116764 and to formula (IIa) of the process of the present invention; compound 6 above is identical to formula (VIa) of the process of the present invention; compound 7 above is identical to formula (VIb) of the process of the present invention; and compound 8 is identical to formula (Ia) of the process of the present invention. Step i) of the invention process is 5 to 6 above while step ii) is 6 to 8.

Example 1a

To a slurry of 2000 g of compound 1 (1.0 eq.) in 14.0 L of MeCN were added 2848 g of benzyl bromide (1.05 eq.) and 2630 g of K₂CO₃ (1.2 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 h and cooled to 13° C. Precipitate was filtered and washed with 5.0 L of MeCN. The filtrate was concentrated and 3.0 L of THF was added to the residue. The THF solution was concentrated to give 3585 g of crude compound 2 as oil. Without further purification, compound 2 was used in the next step.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.60 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.4-7.3 (m, 5H), 6.37 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H).

Example 1b

To 904 g of the crude compound 2 was added 5.88 L of THF and the solution was cooled to −60° C. 5.00 L of 1.0 M of Lithium bis(trimethylsilylamide) in THF (1.25 eq.) was added dropwise for 2 h to the solution of compound 2 at −60° C. Then, a solution of 509 g of benzaldehyde (1.2 eq.) in 800 mL of THF was added at −60° C. and the reaction mixture was aged at −60° C. for 1 h. The THF solution was poured into a mixture of 1.21 L of conc.HCl, 8.14 L of ice water and 4.52 L of EtOAc at less than 2° C. The organic layer was washed with 2.71 L of brine (twice) and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3.98 L of EtOAc. The combined organic layers were concentrated. To the mixture, 1.63 L of toluene was added and concentrated (twice) to provide toluene slurry of compound 3. Filtration, washing with 0.90 L of cold toluene and drying afforded 955 g of compound 3 (74% yield from compound 1) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.5-7.2 (m, 10H), 6.38 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J=4.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=9.0, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=4.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 1c

To a solution of 882 g of compound 3 (1.0 eq.) in 8.82 L of THF were added 416 g of Et₃N (1.5 eq.) and 408 g of methanesulfonyl chloride (1.3 eq.) at less than 30° C. After confirmation of disappearance of compound 3, 440 mL of NMP and 1167 g of DBU (2.8 eq.) were added to the reaction mixture at less than 30° C. and the reaction mixture was aged for 30 min. The mixture was neutralized with 1.76 L of 16% sulfuric acid and the organic layer was washed with 1.76 L of 2% Na₂SO₃aq. After concentration of the organic layer, 4.41 L of toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated (tree times). After addition of 4.67 L of hexane, the mixture was cooled with ice bath. Filtration, washing with 1.77 L of hexane and drying provided 780 g of compound 4 (94% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.25 (m, 10H), 7.22 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H).

Example 1d

To a mixture of 822 g of compound 4 (1.0 eq.) and 11.2 g of RuCl₃.nH₂O (0.02 eq.) in 2.47 L of MeCN, 2.47 L of EtOAc and 2.47 L of H₂O was added 2310 g of NaIO₄ (4.0 eq.) at less than 25° C. After aging for 1 h, 733 g of NaClO₂ (3.0 eq.) was added to the mixture at less than 25° C. After aging for 1 h, precipitate was filtered and washed with 8.22 L of EtOAc. To the filtrate, 1.64 L of 50% Na₂S₂O₃aq, 822 mL of H₂O and 630 mL of coc.HCl were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with 4.11 L of EtOAc and the organic layers were combined and concentrated. To the residue, 4 L of toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated and cooled with ice bath. Filtration, washing with 1 L of toluene and drying provided 372 g of compound 5 (56% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.48 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.6 (brs, 1H), 5.31 (s, 2H).

Example 1e

A mixture of 509 g of compound 5 (1.0 eq.) and 407 g of 3-amino-propane-1,2-diol (2.5 eq.) in 1.53 L of EtOH was stirred at 65° C. for 1 h and at 80° C. for 6 h. After addition of 18.8 g of 3-Amino-propane-1,2-diol (0.1 eq.) in 200 mL of EtOH, the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After addition of 18.8 g of 3-amino-propane-1,2-diol (0.1 eq.) in 200 mL of EtOH, the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 30 min. After cooling and addition of 509 mL of H₂O, the mixture was concentrated. To the residue, 2.54 L of H₂O and 2.54 L of AcOEt were added. After separation, the aqueous layer was washed with 1.02 L of EtOAc. To the aqueous layer, 2.03 L of 12% sulfuric acid was added at less than 12° C. to give crystal of compound 6. Filtration, washing with 1.53 L of cold H₂O and drying provided 576 g of compound 6 (83% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.67 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.5-7.2 (m, 5H), 6.40 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.2-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.9-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=4.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=6.0, 10.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 1f

To a slurry of 576 g of compound 6 (1.0 eq.: 5.8% of H₂O was contained) in 2.88 L of NMP were added 431 g of NaHCO₃ (3.0 eq.) and 160 mL of methyl iodide (1.5 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After cooling to 5° C., 1.71 L of 2N HCl and 1.15 L of 20% NaClaq were added to the mixture at less than 10° C. to give crystal of compound 7. Filtration, washing with 1.73 L of H₂O and drying provided 507 g of compound 7 (89% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.28 (m, 5H), 6.28 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J=2.4, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.70 (dd, J=9.0, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.14 (m, 1H).

Example 1g

To a mixture of 507 g of compound 7 (1.0 eq.) in 5.07 L of MeCN, 5.07 L of H₂O and 9.13 g of AcOH (0.1 eq.) was added 390 g of NaIO₄ (1.2 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After addition of 1.52 L of 10% Na₂S₂O₃aq., the mixture was concentrated and cooled to 10° C. Filtration, washing with H₂O and drying provided 386 g of compound 8 (80% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.33 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.29 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.95-4.85 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H).

Example 1h

After dissolution of a mixture of 378 g of compound 8 (1.0 eq.) in 3.78 L of MeOH by heating, the solution was concentrated. To the residue, 1.51 L of toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated. To the residue, 1.89 L of toluene, 378 mL of AcOH and 137 g of (R)-3-Amino-butan-1-ol (1.3 eq.) were added and the mixture was heated to 90° C., stirred at 90° C. for 2.5 h and concentrated. To the residue, 1.89 L of toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated. The residue was extracted with 3.78 L and 1.89 L of CHCl₃ and washed with 2×1.89 L of H₂O. The organic layers were combined and concentrated. To the residue, 1.89 L of EtOAc was added and the mixture was concentrated. After addition of 1.89 L of EtOAc, filtration, washing with 1.13 L of EtOAc and drying provided 335 g of compound 9 (83% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J=3.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=3.9, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.86 (m, 3H), 2.23-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.48 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 1i

To a slurry of 332 g of compound 9 (1.0 eq.) in 1.66 L of NMP was added 191 g of NBS (1.1 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After addition of 1.26 L of H₂O, the mixture was stirred for 30 min. After addition of 5.38 L of H₂O and aging of the mixture at 10° C. for 30 min and at 5° C. for 1 h, filtration, washing with 1.33 L of cold H₂O and drying provided 362 g of compound 10 (89% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.24 (m, 3H), 5.33 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J=3.9, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.88 (m, 3H), 2.21-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.49 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 1j

Under carbon mono-oxide atmosphere, a mixture of 33.5 g of compound 10 (1.0 eq.), 34.8 mL of i-Pr₂NEt (2.5 eq.), 14.3 mL of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.5 eq.) and 4.62 g of Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.05 eq.) in 335 mL of DMSO was stirred at 90° C. for 5.5 h. After cooling, precipitate was filtered and washed with 50 mL of 2-propanol. After addition of 502 mL of H₂O and 670 mL of AcOEt to the filtrate, the organic layer was washed with 335 mL of 0.5N HClaq. and 335 mL of H₂O and the aqueous layer was extracted with 335 mL of AcOEt. The organic layers were combined and concentrated. To the residue, 150 mL of 2-propanol was added and the mixture was concentrated. After addition of 150 mL of 2-propanol, concentration, cooling to 20° C. and filtration, crude crystal of compound 11 was obtained. After dissolution of the crude crystal in 380 mL of acetone by heating, precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. After addition of 200 mL of EtOH, concentration, addition of 150 mL of EtOH, concentration, cooling and filtration, crude crystal of compound 11 was obtained. After dissolution of the crude crystal in 450 mL of acetone by heating, the solution was concentrated. To the residue, 150 mL of 2-propanol was added and the mixture was concentrated (twice). After cooling of the residue, filtration, washing with 2-propanol and drying provided 34.3 g of compound 11 (84% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.40 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.24 (m, 5H), 6.78-6.74 (m, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (dd, J=3.9, 13.5, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=6.0, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.88 (m, 2H), 2.24-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.50 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 1k

Under hydrogen atmosphere, a mixture of 28.0 g of compound 11 (1.0 eq.) and 5.6 g of 10% Pd—C in 252 mL of THF and 28 mL of MeOH was stirred for 1 h. After precipitate (Pd—C) was filtered and washed with 45 mL of THF, 5.6 g of 10% Pd—C was added and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h under hydrogen atmosphere. After Pd—C was filtered and washed with 150 mL of CHCl₃/MeOH (9/1), the filtrate was concentrated. After dissolution of the residue in 1.38 L of EtOH by heating, the solution was gradually cooled to room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated and cooled. Filtration, washing with EtOH and drying provided 21.2 g of compound 12 (92% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.51 (s, 1H), 10.36 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.39 (td, J=8.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (ddd, J=2.6, 9.5, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.44 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.54 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=6.0, 13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 1l

After dissolution of 18.0 g of compound 12 (1.0 eq.) in 54 mL of EtOH by heating, followed by filtration, 21.5 mL of 2N NaOHaq. (1.0 eq.) was added to the solution at 80° C. The solution was gradually cooled to room temperature. Filtration, washing with 80 mL of EtOH and drying provided 18.8 g of compound 13 (99% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.70 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.98 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.12 (m, 1H), 4.87-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=1.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 1m

Example 1m shows a process for preparation of the crystalline compound 13b which is monohydrate form of compound 13.

After dissolution of 30.0 g of compound 13 (1.0 eq.) in 600 mL of THF-water solution (8:2) by 30° C., 36.0 mL of 2N NaOHaq (1.0 eq.) was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The precipitation was filtered, washing with 150 mL of THF-water solution (8:2), 150 mL of THF. Drying at 85° C. and humidity conditioning provided 30.4 g of compound 13b (monohydrate form of compound 13, 93% yield) as a crystal.

Example 3 Example 3a

To a slurry of 2000 g of compound 1 (1.0 eq.) in 14.0 L of MeCN were added 2848 g of benzyl bromide (1.05 eq.) and 2630 g of K₂CO₃ (1.2 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 h and cooled to 13° C. Precipitate was filtered and washed with 5.0 L of MeCN. The filtrate was concentrated and 3.0 L of THF was added to the residue. The THF solution was concentrated to give 3585 g of crude compound 2 as oil. Without further purification, compound 2 was used in the next step.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.60 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.4-7.3 (m, 5H), 6.37 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H).

Example 3b

To 904 g of the crude compound 2 was added 5.88 L of THF and the solution was cooled to −60° C. 5.00 L of 1.0 M of Lithium bis(trimethylsilylamide) in THF (1.25 eq.) was added dropwise for 2 h to the solution of compound 2 at −60° C. Then, a solution of 509 g of benzaldehyde (1.2 eq.) in 800 mL of THF was added at −60° C. and the reaction mixture was aged at −60° C. for 1 h. The THF solution was poured into a mixture of 1.21 L of conc.HCl, 8.14 L of ice water and 4.52 L of EtOAc at less than 2° C. The organic layer was washed with 2.71 L of brine (twice) and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3.98 L of EtOAc. The combined organic layers were concentrated. To the mixture, 1.63 L of toluene was added and concentrated (twice) to provide toluene slurry of compound 3. Filtration, washing with 0.90 L of cold toluene and drying afforded 955 g of compound 3 (74% yield from compound 1) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.5-7.2 (m, 10H), 6.38 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J=4.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=9.0, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=4.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 3c

To a solution of 882 g of compound 3 (1.0 eq.) in 8.82 L of THF were added 416 g of Et₃N (1.5 eq.) and 408 g of methanesulfonyl chloride (1.3 eq.) at less than 30° C. After confirmation of disappearance of compound 3, 440 mL of NMP and 1167 g of DBU (2.8 eq.) were added to the reaction mixture at less than 30° C. and the reaction mixture was aged for 30 min. The mixture was neutralized with 1.76 L of 16% sulfuric acid and the organic layer was washed with 1.76 L of 2% Na₂SO₃aq. After concentration of the organic layer, 4.41 L of toluene was added and the mixture was concentrated (tree times). After addition of 4.67 L of hexane, the mixture was cooled with ice bath. Filtration, washing with 1.77 L of hexane and drying provided 780 g of compound 4 (94% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.25 (m, 10H), 7.22 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H).

Example 3d

To a mixture of 10.0 g of compound 4 and 13.6 mg of RuCl₃.nH₂O in 95 mL of MeCN and 10 mL of water, mixture of 155 mL of water, 7.2 g of hydrosulfuric acid, and 15.5 g of NaIO₄ was added for 2.5 h at 20° C. After aging for 1 h, organic and aqueous layers were separated and aqueous layer was extracted by 30 mL of ethyl acetate. Aqueous layer was extracted again by 30 mL of ethyl acetate and organic layers were combined. 6 mL of 5% NaHSO3 solution was added to the combined organic layer and the layers were separated. The organic layer was adjusted to pH 6.0 by adding 4.0 g of 2M NaOH solution and the aqueous layer was separated. After 60 mL of 5% NaHCO₃ solution and 257 mg of TEMPO was added, 25.9 g of NaClO solution was added to the reaction mixture at 25° C. for 1 h and stirred for 30 min to check the reaction was finished. After the layers were separated, 42.5 mL of 5% Na2SO3 solution and 30 mL of AcOEt were added and separated. The aqueous layer was extracted by 30 mL of AcOEt and separated. 12% H₂SO₄ was added to the reaction mixture at 20° C. for 1 h and the mixture was cooled to 5° C. After the mixture was stirred for 30 min, the mixture was filtered, washed with 30 mL of water twice and dryed to provide 5.7 g of compound 5 (70% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.48 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.6 (brs, 1H), 5.31 (s, 2H).

Example 3e

A mixture of 509 g of compound 5 (1.0 eq.) and 407 g of 3-amino-propane-1,2-diol (2.5 eq.) in 1.53 L of EtOH was stirred at 65° C. for 1 h and at 80° C. for 6 h. After addition of 18.8 g of 3-Amino-propane-1,2-diol (0.1 eq.) in 200 mL of EtOH, the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After addition of 18.8 g of 3-amino-propane-1,2-diol (0.1 eq.) in 200 mL of EtOH, the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 30 min. After cooling and addition of 509 mL of H₂O, the mixture was concentrated. To the residue, 2.54 L of H₂O and 2.54 L of AcOEt were added. After separation, the aqueous layer was washed with 1.02 L of EtOAc. To the aqueous layer, 2.03 L of 12% sulfuric acid was added at less than 12° C. to give crystal of compound 6. Filtration, washing with 1.53 L of cold H₂O and drying provided 576 g of compound 6 (83% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.67 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.5-7.2 (m, 5H), 6.40 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.2-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.9-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=4.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=6.0, 10.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 3f

To a slurry of 576 g of compound 6 (1.0 eq.: 5.8% of H₂O was contained) in 2.88 L of NMP were added 431 g of NaHCO₃ (3.0 eq.) and 160 mL of methyl iodide (1.5 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After cooling to 5° C., 1.71 L of 2N HCl and 1.15 L of 20% NaClaq were added to the mixture at less than 10° C. to give crystal of compound 7. Filtration, washing with 1.73 L of H₂O and drying provided 507 g of compound 7 (89% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.28 (m, 5H), 6.28 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J=2.4, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.70 (dd, J=9.0, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.14 (m, 1H).

Example 3g

To a mixture of 15.0 g of compound 7 (1.0 eq.) in 70.9 g of MeCN, a mixture of 60 mL of H₂O, 2.6 g of H₂SO₄ and 11.5 g of NaIO₄ was added in the range between 17° C. to 14° C. After the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, precipitate was filtered. The filterate was added to the solution of 11.8 g of ascorbic acid sodium salt, 64 g of water and 60 mg of H₂SO₄. After the mixture was concentrated, cooling to 5° C., filtration, washing with H₂O and drying provided 12.9 g of compound 8 (90% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.33 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.29 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.95-4.85 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H).

Example 3h

A mixture of 10.0 g of compound 8 and 33.3 g of diglyme were added the solution of 3.3 g of (R)-3-Amino-butan-1-ol in 4.7 g of diglyme and 1.0 g of acetic acid at 60° C. After the reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 9 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to −5° C. and filtered. The wet crystal was washed and dryed to give 8.3 g of compound 9 (78%). XRD data:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J=3.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=3.9, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.86 (m, 3H), 2.23-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.48 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 3i

To slurry of 5.7 g of NBS in 26.5 g of dichloromethane was added 10 g of compound 9 in 92.8 g of dichloromethane at room temperature. After the reaction mixture was stirred for 6.5 h, the reaction mixture was added to the solution of 2.0 g Na2SO3 and 40.3 g of water. The organic layer was washed with diluted NaOH solution and water, dichloromethane was concentrated and was displaced by methanol. The mixture was cooled to −5° C. and filtered and the wet crystal was washed and dryed to give 10.3 g of compound 10 (84%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.24 (m, 3H), 5.33 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J=3.9, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.88 (m, 3H), 2.21-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.49 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 3j

Under carbon mono-oxide atmosphere, a mixture of 25.0 g of compound 10, 11.6 g of i-Pr₂NEt, 12.8 g of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine, 335 mg of Pd(OAc)₂ and 1.9 g of 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane in 188 mL of DMA was stirred at 85° C. for 4 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was divided and 10/25 of mixture was used for next step. 6.6 g of AcOEt, 29.9 g of water and 3 mg of seed crystal were added to the reaction mixture at 40° C. After stirring for 7 min, 29.9 g of water was added and cooled to room temperature. The crystal was filtered at room temperature and washed by 47.2 g of ethanol to give 10.1 g of compound 11 (83% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.40 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.24 (m, 5H), 6.78-6.74 (m, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (dd, J=3.9, 13.5, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=6.0, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.88 (m, 2H), 2.24-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.50 (ddd, J=2.4, 4.5, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 3k

Under hydrogen atmosphere, a mixture of 4.0 g of compound 11 and 0.8 g of 50% wet 5% Pd—C in 67.6 mL of THF and 1.6 mL of H₂O was stirred for 1.5 h at 50° C. After mixture of 80 mg of NaHSO₃ and 2.0 mL of purified water was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, precipitate was filtered, washed with 20 mL of THF, and the filtrate was concentrated to 11.97 g. After adding 6.7 mL of ethanol and 33.6 mL of purified water over 1 h, reaction mixture was cooled to 25° C. Filtration, washing with 26.9 mL of EtOH and drying provided 2.33 g of compound 12 (82% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.51 (s, 1H), 10.36 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.39 (td, J=8.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (ddd, J=2.6, 9.5, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.44 (dd, J=3.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.54 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=6.0, 13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 3l

After dissolution of 18.0 g of compound 12 (1.0 eq.) in 54 mL of EtOH by heating, followed by filtration, 21.5 mL of 2N NaOHaq. (1.0 eq.) was added to the solution at 80° C. The solution was gradually cooled to room temperature. Filtration, washing with 80 mL of EtOH and drying provided 18.8 g of compound 13 (99% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.70 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.98 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.12 (m, 1H), 4.87-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=1.8, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example A

The starting material of Example A is compound 8, which is identical to formula (Ia) of the process of the present invention. Thus, Example A depicts a utility for the invention process in providing an intermediate for the compound of formula 17 below which is isomeric to the compound ZZ-2 at page 237 of WO 2006/116764 to Brian Johns et al.

Example Aa

After dissolution of mixture of 320 g of compound 8 (1.0 eq.) in 3.20 L of MeOH by heating, the solution was concentrated. To the residue, 1.66 L of MeCN, 5.72 mL of AcOH (0.1 eq.) and 82.6 g of (S)-2-Amino-propan-1-ol (1.1 eq.) were added and the mixture was heated to 70° C., stirred at 70° C. for 4 h and concentrated. To the residue, 1.67 L of 2-propanol was added and the mixture was concentrated (twice). After cooling of the residue, filtration, washing with 500 mL of cold 2-propanol and drying provided 167 g of compound 14 (52% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.61-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.53 (d, J=7.2, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=3.9, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.46-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.31 (dd, J=6.6, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=3.9, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=9.9, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=6.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Example Ab

To slurry of 156 g of compound 14 (1.0 eq.) in 780 mL of NMP was added 93.6 g of NBS (1.1 eq.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was added to 3.12 L of H₂O. Filtration, washing with 8.0 L of H₂O and drying provided 163 g of compound 15 (84% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.25 (m, 3H), 5.34 (dd, J=3.6, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (dd, J=3.6, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.99 (dd, J=9.9, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=5.7, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Example Ac

Under carbon mono-oxide atmosphere, a mixture of 163 g of compound 15 (1.0 eq.), 163 mL of i-Pr₂NEt (2.5 eq.), 68.4 mL of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.5 eq.) and 22.5 g of Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.05 eq.) in 816 mL of DMSO was stirred at 90° C. for 7 h. After cooling, removal of precipitate, washing with 50 mL of DMSO and addition of 11.3 g of Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.025 eq.), the reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h under carbon mono-oxide atmosphere again. After cooling, removal of precipitate and addition of 2.0 L of AcOEt and 2.0 L of H₂O, the organic layer was washed with 1.0 L of 1N HClaq. and 1.0 L of H₂O (twice) and the aqueous layer was extracted with 1.0 L of AcOEt. The organic layers were combined and concentrated. Silica gel column chromatography of the residue provided 184 g of compound 16 (96% yield) as foam.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.38 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.25 (m, 7H), 6.90-6.70 (m, 2H), 5.43 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (dd, J=3.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.50-4.25 (m, 3H), 3.86 (dd, J=9.9, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=6.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H).

Example Ad

Under hydrogen atmosphere, a mixture of 184 g of compound 16 (1.0 eq.) and 36.8 g of 10% Pd—C in 3.31 L of THF and 0.37 L of MeOH was stirred for 3 h. After filtration of precipitate (Pd—C), washing with THF/MeOH (9/1) and addition of 36.8 g of 10% Pd—C, the mixture was stirred for 20 min under hydrogen atmosphere. After filtration of precipitate (Pd—C) and washing with THF/MeOH (9/1), the filtrate was concentrated. After 200 mL of AcOEt was added to the residue, filtration afforded crude solid of compound 17. The precipitates were combined and extracted with 4.0 L of CHCl₃/MeOH (5/1). After concentration of the CHCl₃/MeOH solution and addition of 250 mL of AcOEt to the residue, filtration afforded crude solid of compound 17. The crude solids were combined and dissolved in 8.2 L of MeCN/H₂O (9/1) by heating. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated. To the residue, 1.5 L of EtOH was added and the mixture was concentrated (three times). After cooling of the residue, filtration and drying provided 132 g of compound 17 (88% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.47 (brs, 1H), 10.31 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.40 (td, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (ddd, J=2.6, 9.4, 10.6, 1H), 7.11-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.39 (dd, J=4.1, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J=4.2, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (dd, J=6.8, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=10.2, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=6.7, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Example Ae

After dissolution of 16.0 g of compound 17 (1.0 eq.) in 2.56 L of EtOH and 0.64 L of H₂O by heating, followed by filtration, 39 mL of 1N NaOHaq. (1.0 eq.) was added to the solution at 75° C. The solution was gradually cooled to room temperature. Filtration, washing with 80 mL of EtOH and drying provided 13.5 g of compound 18 (80% yield) as a crystal.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.73 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.98 (m, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=3.8, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (dd, J=3.8, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.30-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.75 (dd, J=10.0, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.55 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H).

Example B

This Example B utilizes a process to insert a ring nitrogen in place of oxygen in a pyrone ring and create an aldehyde equivalent by an osmium oxidation of a double bond. Thus, this example is not within the scope of this invention and is provided to demonstrate the utility of the intermediates produced according to the process of the invention. In particular, the compound F below is a final product (VIII) of the invention process and is here taken on to a product I below which is within the structure (I-7) where (R)_(m) is 4-F and R^(a) is H at page 240 of WO 2006/116764.

Example Ba

To a bromobenzene (238 ml) solution of compound A (23.8 g, 110 mmol), selene dioxide (24.4 g, 220 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 13 hours at 140° C. with removing water by Dean-Stark trap. Insoluble particles were removed by filtration after cooling, and solvent was evaporated. Toluene was added to the residue and precipitates were filtered off. After concentration in vaccuo, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate). Compound B (16.5 g, 65%) was obtained as yellow oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 5.51(2H, s), 6.50(1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 7.36(5H, s), 7.75(1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 9.88(1H, s).

Example Bb

To an ice cooled aqueous (465 ml) solution of sodium chlorite (38.4 g, 424 mmol) and sulfamic acid (54.9 g, 566 mmol), acetone (465 ml) solution of compound B (46.5 g, 202 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 40 minutes at room temperature. After removing acetone in vaccuo, precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with cold water. Compound C (42.8 g, 86%) was obtained as colorless crystal.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 5.12(2H, s), 6.54(1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.33-7.46(5H, m), 8.20(1H, d, J=5.6 Hz).

Example Bc

An ethanol (17 ml) solution of allylamine (13.2 g 231 mmol) was added to an ethanol (69 ml) suspension of compound C (17.2 g, 70 mmol), then the mixture was stirred for 4.5 hours at 50° C. and for 3 hours at 75° C. To the cooled reaction mixture, 2N hydrochloric acid and ice were added and precipitates were collected by filtration. Compound D was obtained as colorless crystal.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 4.37(2H, brs), 4.95(2H, s), 5.26-5.39(2H, m), 5.81-5.94(1H, m), 6.32(1H, dd, J=0.8, 7.2 Hz), 7.29-7.37(3H, m), 7.48-7.51(2H, m), 7.99(1H, dd, J=0.8, 7.6 Hz), 8.11(1H, brs).

Example Bd

To an acetonitrile (146 ml) suspension of compound D (14.6 g, 51 mmol), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (15.5 g, 102 mmol) and methyl iodide (18.2 g, 128 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature. After evaporating solvent, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform/methanol). Compound E (14.2 g, 93%) was obtained as colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 3.75(3H, s), 4.40(2H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 5.16-5.35(2H, m), 5.29(2H, s), 5.81-5.94(1H, m), 6.62(1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.27-7.42(6H, m).

Example Be

To a diethyl ether (390 ml) solution of compound E (13.3 g, 44 mmol), potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (1.62 g, 4.4 mmol) and sodium metaperiodate (28.1 g, 132 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours at room temperature and precipitates were collected by filtration. Collected solid was dissolved in chloroform-methanol and insoluble particles were filtered off. Concentration in vaccuo gave crude product of compound F (14.3 g).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 3.23 (3H, s), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.87 (2H, t, J=4.4 Hz), 4.62 (1H, dd, J=11.7, 4.8 Hz), 5.11 (2H, s), 6.31 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 6.78 (1H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 7.33-7.40 (5H, m), 7.64 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz).

Example Bf

To chloroform (108 ml) and methanol (12 ml) solution of compound F (11.7 g, crude product), 3-aminopropanol (2.77 g, 36.9 mmol), and acetic acid (1.2 ml) were added and the mixture was stirred for 90 minutes at 70° C. After concentrating in vaccuo, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform/methanol). Compound G (8.48 g, 72% for 2 steps) was obtained as colorless cryatal.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.54-1.64(1H, m), 1.85-2.01(1H, m), 3.00(1H, dt, J=3.6, 12.9 Hz), 3.74(1H, dt, J=2.7, 12.3 Hz), 3.93(1H, dd, J=5.1, 13.5 Hz), 4.07-4.21(2H, m), 4.63-4.69(1H, m), 4.94(1H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 5.25(2H, dd, J=10.2, 24.6 Hz), 6.56(1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.22-7.38(5H, m), 7.63-7.66(2H, m).

Example Bg

To acetic acid (93 ml) solution of compound G (6.1 g, 18.7 mmol), acetic acid (31 ml) solution of bromine (1.44 ml, 28.0 mmol) was added dropwisely during 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. After addition of 5% aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite (8 ml), 2N sodium hydroxide (500 ml) was added dropwisely during 20 minutes. Precipitates were collected by filtration and washed with mixture of dichloromethane and diisopropyl ether. Compound H (6.02 g, 79%) was obtained as colorless crystal.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.55-1.74(2H, m), 3.12(1H, dt, J=3.0, 12.3 Hz), 3.84(1H, dt, J=2.7, 11.7 Hz), 4.00-4.05(1H, m), 4.20-4.26(1H, m), 4.40-4.46(2H, m), 5.03(2H, s), 5.15-5.17(1H, m), 7.31-7.40(3H, m), 7.56-7.58(2H, m), 8.39(1H, s).

Example Bh

To dimethyl sulfoxide (1.42 ml) solution of compound H (71 mg, 0.175 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (25 mg, 0.035 mmol), 4-fluorobenzyl amine (0.06 ml, 0.525 mmol) and diisopropyl amine (0.15 ml, 0.875 mmol) were added, then the mixture was stirred under carbon monoxide atmosphere for 5 hours at 80° C. After cooling, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was removed in vaccuo and the residue was purified with silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol). Compound I (74.5 mg, 89%) was obtained as colorless crystal.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.58-1.74(2H, m), 3.10-3.18(1H, m), 3.80-3.88(1H, m), 4.02-4.07(1H, m), 4.43-4.59(5H, m), 5.05(2H, s), 5.20(1H, t, J=3.9 Hz), 7.13-7.19(2H, m), 7.32-7.40(5H, m), 7.56-7.59(2H, m), 8.61(1H, s).

Example C Synthesis of methyl 5-bromo-1-[2-hydroxy-2-(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (in Equilibrium with the Corresponding Aldehyde)

This Example C shows a refunctionalization of a compound 6 as shown above in Example 1 (of formula (VI)), including a bromination at the R^(x) position, to yield final products 20 and 21 (of formula (I)) of the invention. Such compounds with Br at the R^(x) position can be reacted as in Examples 1 and 2 to add the R²—X—NR¹—C(O)— sidechain.

Example Ca Methyl 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate

A reactor was charged with 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6 (4.302 kg, 13.47 mol) followed by charging with NaHCO₃ (1.69 kg, 20.09 mol) and 242 g of deionized water. To this was added 21.4 kg of NMP and the mixture was stirred and temperature brought to 28-35° C. Dimethyl sulfate (2.34 kg, 18.30 mol) was added dropwise via an addition funnel to the reaction mixture over 1-3 hours keeping the temperature at 28-33° C. The slurry was agitated at this temperature for 14 h. When deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to 5° C. or below and the mixture was neutralized to pH 6 by the addition of HCl (561 mL of conc HCl in 2806 g of deionized water). The reaction vessel was slowly charged with cold 20% brine solution composed of 8.7 kg NaCl, 20 kg of deionized water and 14.8 kg of ice at a maximum temperature of 10° C. The mixture was agitated at 0-10° C. for 2.5 h. The slurry was filtered under vacuum and the cake washed with 15 kg of deionized water two times. The wet solid product was dried at 45-55° C. under vacuum until constant weight was obtained. The desired product methyl 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 7 was obtained as a light yellow solid (3.77 kg, 99.42% purity by HPLC, 84%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (m, 5H), 6.28 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (Abq, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J=14.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.70 (dd, J=14.3, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 3.23 (m, 1H).

Example Cb Methyl 5-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate

A reactor was charged with (3.759 kg, 11.27 mol) of methyl 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 7 and 18.8 L of DMF. To this agitated mixture at 18-20° C. was added N-bromosuccinimide (2.220 kg, 12.47 mol) over 20 minutes via a powder funnel. The resultant mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. At this time less than 1% of starting material was present by HPLC. The mixture was worked up in half batches by cooling to 10° C. and added an ice/water mixture (12 kg ice in 35 kg deionized water) and the mixture was agitated, then filtered. This was repeated for the second half of the batch. The combined filter cake was washed with 14 L of water and dried in a vacuum oven to provide 4.033 kg of methyl 5-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 19 (91.6%) as an off-white powder of 99.2% HPLC purity. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 5H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.17 (dd, J=14.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=14.3, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.78 (m, 1), 3.52 (dd, J=11.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=11.3, 6.3 Hz, 1H).

Example Cc Methyl 5-bromo-1-[2-hydroxy-2-(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (in Equilibrium with the Corresponding Aldehyde)

A reactor was charged with sodium periodate (1.67 kg, 7.8 mol) and 44 L of deionized water. To the agitated mixture was added 8.5 kg of ice. This was stirred until all the ice melted and the mixture temperature was 1.4° C. To this was added methyl 5-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 19 (2.73 kg, 6.62 mol) via a powder addition funnel. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and the slurry was stirred for 16 h. A sample was monitored by ¹H NMR and showed the disappearance of starting material. The mixture was filtered and the cake washed with 20 kg of deionized water. This was repeated until a negative starch/iodide paper result was obtained (4×20 L washes). The solids were dried in a vacuum oven at 45-55° C. to provide methyl 5-bromo-1-(2,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 20 (2.176 kg, 88%) as a mixture with the corresponding aldehyde form 21. Purity was determined to be 99.5% by HPLC. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.30 (m, 5H), 5.56 (dd, J=6.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (m, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H).

Example 2 Methyl 5-({[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-[2-hydroxy-2-(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (in Equilibrium with the Corresponding Aldehyde)

This Example shows a reaction of a compound 5 of formula (II) with one of (III) in step i) and a refunctionalization step ii) of compounds of formula (V) (compounds 22, 23, 24 and 25) in producing compounds of formula (I) according to the process of the invention.

Example 2a 1-[2,2-Bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

To a flask (1 L) charged with 500 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added 49.2 g (0.2 mol) of 4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid 5. The suspension was slowly heated to 55-60° C. before addition of 2-amino-acetaldehyde-dimethylacetal (84.1 g, 0.8 mole). The reaction was then brought up to 65° C. and further stirred for 18 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to produce 1-[2,2-Bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 22 (crude) as brown oil, which was used for the next step directly.

Example 2b Methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate

Crude 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 22 obtained as above was dissolved in DMF (500 mL). To this solution was added NaHCO₃ (50.5 g, 0.6 mole). The suspension was stirred vigorously with a mechanic stirrer while CH₃I in TBME (2.0 M, 300 mL) was introduced by addition funnel over 30 minutes. After addition, the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (˜1.5 L) and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of solvents gave methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 23 as brown oil, which was used directly for the next step.

Example 2c Methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-bromo-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate

A 2 L flask equipped with a mechanic stirrer were charged with methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 23 as obtained above and 500 mL of dichloromethane. To this flask was added NBS (30 g, 0.17 mole) portion-wise. The reaction was stirred at room temperature until its completion (monitored by TLC, ˜6 hours). The mixture was then diluted with dichloromethane and washed with NaHCO₃ (ss). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ before evaporation of the solvents. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, EtOH/DCM: 0-40%) to afford methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-bromo-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 24 as a light brown solid (50 g, 60% over three steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.7 (s, 1H), 7.4 (m, 2H), 7.3 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 3H), 5.3 (s, 2H), 4.4 (s, 1H), 3.8 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.4 (s, 6H). LC-MS (M+H⁺): calcd 426, obsd 426.

Example 2d Methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-({[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]amino}carbonyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate

A pressure vessel was charged with methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-bromo-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 24 (6.4 g, 15 mmol), 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (3.2 g, 22.5 mmol), K₃PO₄ (9.45 g, 45 mmol), Pd(OCOCF₃)₂ (398 mg, 1.2 mmol), Xantophos (694 mg, 1.2 mmol) and toluene (200 mL). The mixture was purged by CO (4×) before being heated to 100° C. for 22 hours under CO atmosphere (60 psi). After cooled down to the room temperature, the solids were filtered off through celite and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated and the residual was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc/hexane 0˜80%) to afford methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-({[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]amino}carbonyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 25 as a light brown oil (4.7 g, 61%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 10.4 (m, 1H), 8.4 (s, 1H), 7.4 (m, 6H), 6.8 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 5.3 (s, 2H), 4.6 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.5 (s, 1H), 4.0 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.4 (s, 6H). LC-MS (M+H⁺): calcd 517, obsd 517.

Example 2e Methyl 5-({[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]amino}carbonyl)-1-[2-hydroxy-2-(methyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (in Equilibrium with the Corresponding Aldehyde)

Methyl 1-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-({[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]amino}carbonyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-1,4-dihydro-2-pyridinecarboxylate 25 (11.6 g) was treated with 90% formic acid (250 mL) at 40° C. for ˜12 hours (monitored by LC-MS). After the solvents were evaporated at <40° C., the residue was re-dissolved in EtOAc (˜1 L) and the resulting solution was washed with NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic phase was then dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of solvents, the titled compounds 26 and 27 were obtained as an approximate 80/20 equilibrium mixture (10.57 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.3 (m, 1H), 9.47 (s, aldehyde-H. ˜0.2H)), 8.4 (m, 1H), 7.3 (s, 6H), 7.2 (m, 1H), 7.0 (m, 1H), 6.3 (m, 2H), 5.1 (s, 3H), 4.9 (m, 1H), 4.5 (m, 3H), 3.9 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H). LC-MS, for 26 (M+H⁺), calcd 503, obsd 503; for 27 (M+H₂O+H⁺), cald 489, obsd 489. 

1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R is —CHO, —CH(OH)₂ or —CH(OH)(OR⁴); P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group; R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino; R⁴ is lower alkyl; R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—; R² is optionally substituted aryl; X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom; and R¹ is H or lower alkyl, which comprises the steps of: i) reacting a compound of formula (II):

with an amine of formula (III) or (IV):

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl or R⁵ and R⁶ can be alkyl and joined to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring,

to produce an intermediate of formula (V) or (VI), respectively:

and ii) refunctionalizing (V) or (VI) to produce (I).
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CHO.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CH(OH)₂.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein in said compound of formula (I), R is —CH(OH)(OR⁴).
 5. The process of claim 2, wherein said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (VII):


6. The process of claim 3, wherein said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (Ia):


7. The process of claim 4, wherein said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (VIII):


8. The process of claim 4, wherein said compound of formula (I) is of the formula (IX):


9. The process of claim 1, wherein said compound of formula (II) is of the formula (IIa):


10. A process according to claim 1 wherein in said compound of formula (I), R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy.
 11. A process for preparing a compound of formula (I):

wherein R is —CH(OH)(OR⁴); P¹ is a hydroxyl protecting group; P³ is H; R³ is H; R⁴ is lower alkyl; R^(x) is R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—; R² is aryl optionally substituted with one or more halogen; X is lower alkylene; and R¹ is H; comprising the steps of: i) reacting a compound of formula (II):

with an amine of formula (III):

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl, to produce an intermediate of formula (V)

and ii) refunctionalizing (V) to produce (I).
 12. The process of claim 1, wherein said refunctionalizing step ii) comprises demethylating the intermediate of formula (V) to produce the compound of formula (I).
 13. The process of claim 1, wherein said refunctionalizing step ii) comprises reacting the intermediate of formula (VI) with NaIO₄ to produce the compound of formula (I).
 14. The process of claim 1, wherein R³ is H.
 15. A compound of the following formula (V):

wherein P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group; R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino; R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—; R² is optionally substituted aryl; X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom; R¹ is H or lower alkyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently lower alkyl or R⁵ and R⁶ can be alkyl and joined to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
 16. The compound of claim 15, which has the following formula (Va):


17. A compound of the following formula (VI):

wherein P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group; R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino; R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—; R² is optionally substituted aryl; X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom; and R¹ is H or lower alkyl.
 18. A compound of the following formula (I):

wherein R is —CH(OH)(OCH₃); P¹ is -Bn; P³ is —CH₃; R³ is —H; and R^(x) is Br.
 19. A compound of claim 16 wherein R³ is —H.
 20. A compound of the following formula (14):


21. A compound of the following formula (15):


22. A compound of the following formula (I):

wherein R is —CH(OH)₂; P¹ is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; P³ is H or a carboxy protecting group; R³ is H, halogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkoxy, optionally substituted lower alkenyloxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycleoxy and optionally substituted amino; R¹ is H or lower alkyl; R^(x) is H, halo or R²—X—NR¹—C(O)—; R² is optionally substituted aryl; and X is a single bond, a heteroatom group selected from O, S, SO, SO₂, and NH or lower alkylene or lower alkenylene wherein each may be intervened by the heteroatom.
 23. A compound of claim 17 wherein R³ is —H.
 24. A compound of claim 18 wherein R³ is —H. 